The process of micro crack formation in sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles is pivotal for strip mine in cold regions. A discrete element numerical model considering the variation of frost heave force and water saturation during the freeze-thaw cycles is established by PFC3D in this paper. The results indicate that: (1) During freeze-thaw cycles. the development of cracks can be... https://unitedssports.shop/product-category/bike-parts-tires-27/