In The VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) lifecycle, tape-out is often viewed as a major milestone. However, the true test of a chip begins only after silicon returns from fabrication. Post-silicon validation and bring-up represent the critical phase where theoretical correctness meets physical reality. At this stage, engineers must confirm https://zanderavpib.wikipresses.com/6877237/design_for_testability_as_a_strategic_discipline_in_vlsi_development