Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disease and can be generally divided into prerenal. intrarenal. and postrenal AKI (PR-AKI). Previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles have protective function on prerenal and intrarenal AKI treatment. https://parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/kids-toothgel/